From the end of the 11th century, the Byzantine defensive system in Anatolia began to collapse. As a result, its restoration became an urgent priority for the Komnenian dynasty, which came to power in 1081. Military constructions played a crucial role in the revitalisation of urban life during this period. The Komnenoi placed significant emphasis…
Eastern Rough Cilicia (Cilicia Trachea), situated between the Kalykadnos and Lamos rivers, offers a significant case study of how rural and urban settlements adapted to environmental and political changes. Based on a GIS-supported survey of over 500 rural sites, this study investigates the spatial organization, resource management, and connectivity strategies from the Hellenistic to the…
The Hellespont, which has the Europa (Gelibolu Peninsula) and Hellespontus (Biga Peninsula) regions on both sides, is approximately 65 km long between the mouths of Marmara and Aegean. The valleys extending from southeast to northwest on the Biga Peninsula form a natural route to Hellespont. Of these, the Scamander Valley connects with the Aisepos Valley,…
The changes that occurred in the period of transition from the Roman to the Late Roman and Byzantine Empire have been the subject of scholarly debate over the past few decades. The alterations of urban centers and the use of routes can be considered as the indicator of religious, political and economic developments from the…
Ancient Phrygia, which is located within the borders of Eskişehir (Dorylaion), Kütahya (Kotyaion) and Afyon (Akronium) provinces today, is important due to its geological formation and archaeological monuments from the Phrygian period to the Byzantine period. Two different styles have been determined for the structures among the cave churches. One of them presents the plan…